Formulations of mathematical programs often require that some of the decision variables take only integer values. Consider the formulation You can follow the same steps to identify binary variables.

Integer programming is a crucial branch of mathematical optimisation that focuses on problems where some or all decision variables are constrained to be integers. This field underpins many practical ...

This paper studies a class of integer programming problems in which squares of variables may occur in the constraints, and shows that no computing device can be programmed to compute the optimum ...